|
Modern United States Wind Energy Policy coincided with the beginning of modern wind industry of the United States, which began in the early 1980s with the arrival of utility-scale wind turbines in California (see Altamont Pass). Since then, the industry has had to endure the financial uncertainties caused by a highly fluctuating tax incentive program. Because these early wind projects were fueled by investment tax credits based on installation rather than performance, they were plagued with issues of low productivity and equipment reliability.〔 Those investment tax credits expired in 1986, which forced investors to focus on improving the reliability and efficiency of their turbines.〔 The 1990s saw rise to a new type of tax credit, the production tax credit, which propelled technological improvements to the wind turbine even further by encouraging investors to focus on electricity output rather than installation. Wind energy policy is generally directed at three categories of constituents: # Research and Development Organizations # Commercial/Residential Generators # Manufacturers and Producers with one of two goals: #to provide incentives or require production and installation of wind turbines or production of electricity from wind, or #facilitate the appropriate location of wind turbines. Historically, incentives have come in the form of production or installation tax credits, grants, and renewable portfolio standards, at the federal, state, and local levels of government. Policy facilitating appropriate location has historically come in the form of local ordinances and permitting requirements. ==Background== (詳細はmegawatts (MW), making it second in the world behind China. In 2010 Wind power accounted for 2.3% of the electricity generated in the United States.〔(Wind turbines: In the wake of the wind )〕 This amounted to 94,650 thousand megawatt-hours of electricity.〔Electric Power Monthly - April 2011, Table 1.1A〕 Driven by state renewable energy targets, fourteen states have installed over 1,000 MW of wind capacity, and a total of 37 states now have installed at least some utility-scale wind power.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=AWEA: U.S. Wind Power Surmounted Challenges In 2010 )〕 Texas, with 9,728 MW of capacity, has the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state, followed by Iowa with 3,670 MW.〔() Wind Energy Grows By Record 8,300 MW in 2008〕 The Roscoe Wind Farm (780 MW) in Texas is the world's largest wind farm.〔(9 of the World’s Most Amazing Wind Farms )〕 Wind power is a clean, domestic, renewable resource that assists the U.S. in meeting energy, environmental, and economic challenges. The U.S. wind industry has the potential to generate tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity.〔 Wind projects boost local tax bases, and revitalize the economy of rural communities by providing a steady income stream to farmers with wind turbines on their land.〔American Wind Energy Association (2009). (Annual Wind Industry Report, Year Ending 2008 ) pp. 9–10.〕 GE Energy is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer.〔 There are currently 5,600 MW of projects under construction in 2011.〔 The U.S. Department of Energy’s report ''20% Wind Energy by 2030'' envisioned that wind power could supply 20% of all U.S. electricity, which included a contribution of 4% from offshore wind power.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States Wind Energy Policy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|